MADCAM1 and primary biliary cholangitis: Although the role of MADCAM-1/α4β7 in PSC has been widely reported, this theory still lacks comparison with other chronic liver diseases (CLD), Jonathon J Graham et al. found that hepatic expression of MAdCAM-1 was up-regulated in all CLD, including PSC, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), alcoholic liver disease (ASH), NASH, and Viral hepatitis C (HCV), and that the frequency of hepatic T-cells expressing α4β7 was increased, as compared to normal liver, suggesting that aberrant hepatic recruitment of T-cells of intestinal origin is not unique to PSC exclusively [66].