This shift is exemplified by the management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): whereas platinum-based chemotherapy yields objective response rates (ORR) of only 20–35% in advanced disease [5], the discovery of EGFR mutations in 2004 and the subsequent development of targeted agents such as osimertinib have raised ORR to nearly 80% [6], demonstrating the transformative potential of molecular stratification. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma.