Additionally, in the CHC cohort, the combined use of AFP and PIVKA-II showed strong predictive performance, with a hazard ratio of 1.36 (95% CI 1.21–1.37; p = 0.001) in the multivariate model, suggesting a 36% increase in HCC risk per unit increase in the combined score (Table 6). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.