Additionally, in the CHB cohort, the combined use of AFP and PIVKA-II showed strong predictive performance, with a hazard ratio of 1.38 (95% CI 1.20–1.46; p = 0.001) in the multivariate model, suggesting a 38% increase in HCC risk per unit increase in the combined score (Table 6). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.