GSEA revealed that GBM tumours in the high-risk score group are associated with immunomodulation (TNFα signalling via NF-kB, IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling, inflammatory response, complement, IL2-STAT5 signalling) and tumour-associated hallmarks (EMT, KRAS signalling activation, early response to oestrogen, angiogenesis) (Table 4; Figure S1, Supplementary File S2). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.