GSEA using the MSigDB hallmark gene sets revealed significant gene enrichment associated with immunomodulation (TNFα signalling via NF-κB, IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling, inflammatory response, complement, IL2-STAT5 signalling) and tumour-associated (epithelial–mesenchymal transition, hypoxia, KRAS signalling activation, apical junction, early response to oestrogen, angiogenesis) hallmarks in high-risk score GBM. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.