This study established a clinically significant 10-NMRG signature comprising neuropeptides (IGF2, RETN), neuropeptide receptors (EDNRB, C3AR1), neurotrophic factor (CLCF1), neurotrophic factor receptor (NTRK1, OSMR), neurotransmitter receptor (KCNN4, HTR7) and neurotransmitter system-related (SLC18A3) genes that identifies high-risk GBM with immunomodulation and tumour-associated hallmarks. Here, RETN is linked to glioblastoma.