In murine sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), melittin significantly reduced renal cytokine expression (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), suppressed NF-κB activation, and decreased lipid peroxidation markers such as 4-HNE and MDA, while upregulating Nrf2-HO-1 and other antioxidant pathways [3]. Here, TNF is linked to acute kidney injury.