In people with obesity, adipose tissues secrete elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [28,29], along with reduced levels of adiponectin, which normally exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects [30,31]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.