RUNX2 and renal cell carcinoma: In conclusion, snoRNAs and SNHGs are central to the early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and targeted treatment of RCC through biomarker identification (e.g., urinary exosomal snoRNAs) and molecular pathway regulation (e.g., the SNHG4/miR-204-5p/RUNX2 axis and the SNHG6/YBX1/HIF1α pathway).