Not all CpG motifs triggered immune activation; some acted suppressively: an example was ODN 7F, a CpG-rich sequence from L. casei DNA, which activated TLR9 but reduced pro-inflammatory mediators including MIP-2, iNOS, and COX2 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells, and was confirmed against DSS-induced colitis in mice [257]. The gene discussed is CXCL2; the disease is colitis.