TGFB1 and neoplasm: Notably, perlecan contributes to vascularization and tumor angiogenesis, where its HS chains act as reservoirs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family [16,17].