These findings align with and extend recent work by Jia et al., who identified PI3K-Akt signaling as critically enriched in cryptorchidism with AKT3 serving as a potential biomarker for azoospermia [50], and Long et al., who demonstrated that hyperactivated PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling suppression via retinoic acid improves autophagy and restores spermatogenesis [19]. Here, MTOR is linked to Azoospermia.