TNF and dry age related macular degeneration: In Ccl2−/−, Cx3cr1−/−, and Ccl2−/− Cx3cr1−/− mice, which exhibit features reminiscent of dry AMD, histological and transcriptomic analyses revealed elevated expression of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in the RPE and subretinal space, along with microglial accumulation and complement activation [40,41,51] (Figure 1B).