MTOR and neoplasm: The mechanisms through which these compounds exert their anti-tumor effects include the inhibition of critical pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (KRAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK) [18], PI3K/Akt/mTOR (which regulate growth, metabolism, and apoptosis) [23,24], NF-kappaB (NF-κB), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) (which mitigate inflammation and disease progression) [25], along with the inhibition of P-gp [20].