INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In T2DM, bioactive sphingolipids, such as ceramide, are usually connected with pathological changes in pancreatic β-cells and insulin signaling pathways, whereas a derivative of sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), has been associated with either pro- or anti-apoptotic effects depending on the stimulatory conditions and type of tissue [6].