IRE1α-XBP1 stimulates interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) [133], mediating a proliferative drive; however, these pro-inflammatory cytokines [134] can also be counterproductive, promoting lung metastasis [135] and glioblastoma invasion [136]. This evidence concerns the gene ERN1 and glioblastoma.