STAT3 and lung carcinoma: In lung cancer, the most frequently activated pro-inflammatory molecules are TNFα and interleukins, which, in turn, through inflammatory signalling pathways such as NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), influence a number of factors such as the cellular matrix, growth factors, and angiotensin-converting enzymes, or directly influence immune cells and tissue-building cells, e.g., fibroblasts or epithelial cells [89].