In CKD, miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-29) and lncRNAs (e.g., H19, MIAT, Gas5, PVT1) regulate TGF-β/Smad, PI3K–AKT/PTEN, and collagen synthesis pathways, while circRNAs influence antifibrotic miRNA activity. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.