TGFB1 and congenital rubella syndrome: High-throughput studies consistently find markers of fibrosis among the top differentially expressed genes or proteins: examples include collagens, fibronectin-1 (FN1), periostin (POSTN), vimentin, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling components, all of which have been implicated in the myocardium and kidneys of CRS models [20].