By contrast, TGF-β levels were significantly elevated in the Diabetes group compared with Controls (p < 0.001), reflecting enhanced profibrotic signaling, and spermidine significantly reduced TGF-β compared with Diabetes (p < 0.01), although values remained higher than in Controls (p < 0.01), indicating an incomplete attenuation of fibrosis (Figure 8, Table 5). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus.