For example, cell-free supernatant from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colorectal (HT-29, Caco-2 cell lines), cervical (HeLa cell line), and liver (HepG2 cell line) cancer cells without affecting normal epithelial cells, an effect mediated by the upregulation of pro-apoptotic (BAX, CASP3, CASP9, TP53) and downregulation of anti-apoptotic (BCL2) genes [31]. This evidence concerns the gene CASP9 and cancer.