TNF and Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Given that proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are elevated in dry eye patients under hyperosmotic conditions, curcumin emerges as a promising alternative therapeutic agent for DED [101].