Conversely, in susceptible species like the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), infection by C. irritans induces systemic oxidative stress, characterized by a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, a sharp increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), and a peak in the oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde (MDA) within hours [45]. This evidence concerns the gene SOD1 and infection.