CYCS and neoplasm: p53 is a crucial intracellular tumor suppressor that induces apoptosis by upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAX and PUMA, which alter mitochondrial membrane permeability and promote the release of apoptogenic factors, including cytochrome c, from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, subsequently activating the caspase cascade and ultimately leading to apoptosis [23].