TRAF6 and viral infectious disease: Extensive studies have shown that host proteins play a role in strictly regulating RLRs signaling transduction, for example, lactate directly interacts with VISA trans-membrane domain (TM) to prevent its aggregation (28); UBXN1 interacts with VISA to disrupt its oligomerization and the MAVS-TRAF3-TRAF6 complex formation during viral infection (29).