The level of plasma zonulin in the SLE group was significantly higher than in the healthy control group (n = 41, 7.566 ± 1.368 vs. n = 29, 2.306 ± 0.286, p < 0.01; Figure 1), indicating that SLE patients have significantly increased intestinal permeability compared to the control group. Here, HP is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.