EHV-1 infection triggers a broader innate immune response characterized by upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLR-3, TLR-9), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6), and key chemokines including IL-8, MCP-1/CCL2, and CCL5 to recruit target immune cells such as CD172a+ monocytes and T lymphocytes to infection sites [186,187]. Here, CCL2 is linked to infection.