TNF and mastitis: Sun et al. [96] demonstrated that Abrus cantoniensis total flavonoids (ATF) effectively reduced mammary tissue damage and inhibited secretion of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-induced mastitis models, suppressing the CD14/TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway while enhancing tight junction protein expression in the blood–milk barrier, with intestinal microbiota analysis revealing regulatory effects on microbial composition.