PMEL and neoplasm: We have developed synthetic chaperone vaccines by complexing large stress proteins, e.g., heat shock protein 110 (Hsp110) or glucose-regulated protein 170 (Grp170), non-covalently with clinically relevant tumor protein antigens (e.g., gp100, Her2/neu) and demonstrated their superior immunostimulatory activities for inducing antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to cancers [14,15].