The study drugs included metformin, dapagliflozin, and insulin, while various miRNAs were analyzed (miR-423-5p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-133a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-30c-5p, hsa-miR-1-3p, miR-let-7b-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-126) in different patient populations, including patients with T2DM with heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.