TLR4 and atherosclerosis: Patients with atherosclerosis or the aforementioned lifestyles have high circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDLs), which endothelial TLR4 recognizes to initiate an inflammatory cascade, including increases in intracellular Ca2+ and dependent calpain activity, as well as endothelial cell death and an increase in atherosclerosis severity (Figure 2B) [51,121,122,123,124,125,126].