Several ICD models incorporate the role of apoptosis in modulating immune responses, addressing phenomena such as: (1) apoptosis as the predominant mode of lymphocyte death following radiotherapy [236,237,238]; (2) tumor cell expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 promoting T cell exhaustion and apoptosis, facilitating immune evasion [208,211]; and (3) mitomycin-C chemotherapy inducing apoptosis in bladder tumor cells, which in turn activates effector immune cells [241]. Here, CD274 is linked to urinary bladder neoplasm.