TLR9 and central nervous system cancer: In the investigation of immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that individual application of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN or the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) moderately upregulates the expression of certain antitumor-related genes (e.g., CD86, MHC-I, IL-12) in dendritic cells (DCs).