AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Validated in 7432 cirrhosis patients, it detected early-stage HCC within 6 months with 51.2% SN and 90% SP vs. 46.0% SN for AFP alone, identifying 136.46 vs. 118.01 early HCC cases per 1000 imaging analyses and detecting 56% vs. 50% of cases missed by ultrasound, offering modest but meaningful improvement at no added cost [612].