By contrast, other studies did demonstrate treatment-specific differences: Cortellini et al. found that antibiotics were associated with an adverse prognostic effect in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs but not in chemotherapy cohorts of comparable size [15]; Lalani et al. reported that antibiotic use was significantly associated with worse outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients receiving ICIs and, to a lesser extent, in those treated with interferon or VEGF-targeted therapy following cytokines, but not in those treated with mTOR inhibitors or VEGF-targeted therapy alone [24]. Here, VEGFA is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.