GDF-15 concentrations were analysed using the Roche Elecsys assay in serum samples from healthy adults (n = 739) [37] and patients with cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and CRC, revealing elevated GDF-15 concentrations in all patients compared with healthy participants [38]. Here, GDF15 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.