More recently, the EPIC-Heidelberg case-cohort study confirmed a positive association between baseline IGF-1 and breast cancer (HR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06–1.47), while also demonstrating a U-shaped relationship between IGF-1 and mortality, with both low and high levels linked to increased cancer-related and all-cause death (42). This evidence concerns the gene IGF1 and breast carcinoma.