SPP1+ macrophages not only play a crucial role as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment (12–15) but also participate in physiological processes, such as aging (16), and in a wide range of non-cancerous diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (17), neurodegeneration (18, 19), and fibrosis (20, 21). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and neoplasm.