IL-33, as an “alarmin,” triggers IL-31 release from Th2 cells (Di Salvo et al., 2018; Murdaca et al., 2019), while dysregulation of this axis exacerbates IgE-mediated allergies (Murdaca, Gangemi & Greco, 2023; Murdaca et al., 2019). The gene discussed is IL31; the disease is allergic disease.