Gemcitabine induces tumor antigen release (such as HMGB1) and reduces myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), while CD40 agonists enhance the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/86), drive CD8+ T cell infiltration and inhibit Treg function (Le and Jaffee, 2013). Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.