TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In fact, chronic low-grade inflammation constitutes a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and patients with T2DM have higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Lontchi-Yimagou et al., 2013), such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are not only associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, but also intricately linked to the occurrence and development of cell clearance (van Poppel et al., 2014; Boada-Romero et al., 2020).