APP and amyloidosis: Layer-specific fE/I changes highlight distinct pathological processes along the radial axis of CA1, where superficial layers were reported to exhibit higher amyloid plaque levels.70,71 In the infra-pyramidal CA1 layer––comprising the stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum moleculare––APP/PS1 mice exhibited elevated low-gamma (35–45 Hz) fE/I as early as 3–4 months, followed by a marked increase in delta (1–4 Hz) fE/I between 4 and 8 months.