TNF and fibromyalgia: Notably, the adult literature has implicated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in central sensitization processes related to chronic pain21,42,44,51 and elevations of these cytokines have been identified in chronic pain illnesses such as fibromyalgia and CRPS.1,28,34,48,50 Our findings support a link between IL-6 and IL-1β and chronic pain, although TNF-α was not significantly impactful in our pediatric sample.