- Animal: TLR4 knockout in mouse Kupffer cells alleviates MASLD- Human cohort: TLR4 activity in Kupffer cells of MASLD patients is positively correlated with hepatic inflammation score (r=0.67, P<0.001) Intervention: TLR4 inhibitors reduce hepatic inflammation in human MASLD patients (Phase I clinical trial),. Here, TLR4 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.