The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), composed of malignant cells, immune infiltrates (e.g., CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells [Tregs], tumor-associated macrophages [TAMs]), and stromal components, plays a pivotal role in modulating response to therapy through complex signaling networks such as TGF-β and IL-6 (11, 12). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.