IFNG and coinfection: Co-infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus further amplifies Th1 cytokine production and suppresses synaptic markers such as EAAT2 and GABAAα1, effects mitigated by IFN-γ neutralization, suggesting that IFN-γ drives neuroinflammation-associated synaptic dysfunction (Kann et al., 2022; French et al., 2019).