Additionally, SHOX2 may affect oxidative stress or mitochondrial function pathways via epigenetic mechanisms and regulate protein degradation or inflammatory responses in conjunction with risk genes (such as PIK3CA and LRRK2), thereby contributing to PD-related metabolic abnormalities, including elevated levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine [35]. Here, SHOX2 is linked to Parkinson disease.