CTLA4 and lung cancer: Although prior studies have explored oncolytic virus/anti-TIM3 combinations, including engineered herpes simplex virus YST-OVH with CTLA-4/TIM-3 blockade [34] and dual PD-1/TIM-3 inhibition in refractory lung cancer models [35], our study uniquely demonstrates that TIM3 nanobody-armed OVV significantly augments anti-tumor immune responses through dual mechanistic pathways.