Our investigation revealed that in 2-VO-induced VD rats, hippocampal expression of Iba-1 and CD68 was significantly upregulated, accompanied by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17A) and diminished levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-35). Here, TNF is linked to sexually transmitted disease.