To rule out oncogene-specific effects, we repeated the same approach with Ccnd1 and KrasG12D, obtaining similar results: fully reprogrammed hepatocytes formed iCCA-like tumours, normal hepatocytes exhibited clonal expansion, and plastic hepatocytes had reduced growth compared to the other two cellular states (Fig. 5f–m and Supplementary Fig. 15b, c). The gene discussed is CCND1; the disease is neoplasm.