The pro-inflammatory (M1-like) phenotype of microglia is characterized by a rapid metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis in response to acute pathological stimuli, such as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from damaged cells (e.g., ATP, HMGB1), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invasive microbes (e.g., lipopolysaccharide, LPS), or misfolded proteins typical of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Aβ in AD, alpha-synuclein in PD) (Sun et al. 2023). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.