In contrast, in female fpEC, GDM induced upregulation of several bitter taste receptor genes (TAS2R4, TAS2R19, TAS2R20, TAS2R31), which are extra-orally expressed GPCRs implicated in placental immune modulation (Taher et al. 2019) and may represent an adaptive response to GDM-associated inflammation. This evidence concerns the gene TAS2R31 and gestational diabetes.